Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research

Novel Emulsion Base for Vaginal Yeast Infection with Half Drug Concentration

Rigved Nagarkar — 2020-09-30

The dissolution of the drug in the vaginal cavity strongly influences the efficacy of the product due to insufficient moisture at the vaginal site. This study was undertaken to develop semi-solid dosage forms of miconazole nitrate to optimize its release. Formulations containing miconazole nitrate at 2% were developed using hypromellose gel, non-ionic emulsion, and cationic emulsion. The effect of penetration enhancers such as propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether at various concentrations was studied. Diffusion studies were carried out to evaluate the drug release and compared it against a commercial product. Formulation with the highest drug release was further evaluated at half (1%) drug concentration. Formulation with reduced drug levels along with the commercial product was evaluated for drug release for an extended time using human cadaver skin. The general order of average cumulative drug release from three bases was observed to be cationic emulsion > hydroxypropyl methylcellulose >non-ionic emulsion. Among all samples, the cationic emulsion with 5% DMSO gave a maximum drug release of 7.27 ± 0.2 mg/cm2 with a flux of 0.70 mg/cm2/min compared to only 3.09 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 drug release with 0.51 mg/cm2/min flux for brand product. The average cumulative drug release for formulation with half (1%) drug and brand (2% drug) over a period of 12 h through human cadaver skin was observed to be 8.28 ± 0.9 mg/cm2 and 8.71 ± 0.9 mg/cm2, respectively. This observation was in conformance with the in vitro antifungal studies showing an equivalent zone of inhibition. Keywords: Cationic emulsion, Drug release, Dimethylsulfoxide, In vitro antifungal study.

Incidence of Infectious Diseases in Patients Suffering from Renal Diseases

Rahul Darak — 2020-09-30

Background: Infection is an invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. Patients with renal compromised states are more susceptible to infection than normal individuals. In the pre-dialysis era, about 45% of patients with the renal compromised state suffering from infection required hospitalization, while a total of about 78% of the enrolled subjects needed hospitalization. It was assumed that the debility caused by the uremic state increased the risk of infection, and the reversal of uremia would reduce the risk of infection.
Aim: The main aim of the study is to report the incidence of infectious diseases in patients with renal compromised state and appropriate measures to be considered to control infectious conditions.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out as prospective and cross-sectional studies. During the study period, a total of 195 subjects were examined with the renal compromised state, of which 108 subjects were suffering from infectious co-morbidity, and were enrolled based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, which includes in-patients, out-patients, and patients on regular dialysis.
Results: This shows the percentage prevalence of infections in patients with the renal compromised state is 55.38. Patients were found to show various infectious states.
Conclusion: The conclusion shows the probability of encountering a subject with renal compromised state along with co-morbid infection is 0.55. Evidence-based international guidelines are of great value and are instrumental in helping reduce health-care-associated infections.
Keywords: Incidence of infectious diseases, Renal compromised state, Renal disease.

Formulation, Physical Characteristics, and Irritation Test of Soothing Gel Combination from Aloe vera gel and Dragon Fruit Juice

Dyah Aryantini — 2020-09-30

Dry skin is often causes of several problems in skin health. People pay less attention to symptoms caused such as redness, roughness, scaling, cracking, and itching. Factors that cause dry skin include temperature, air humidity, and exposure to ultraviolet light. Soothing gel that contains of high concentration active ingredients is one of cosmetic products that are trending in Korea. In this study, the combination of aloe (Aloe vera) and dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) was used as active ingredients. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical screening of active ingredients, physical characteristic, and measuring irritation index on animal test. Formulation of soothing gel preparation was made by varying concentration of active inggredients, that is, FI (85%), FII (90%), and FIII (95%). The data obtained were analyzed by statistical with a different 95% confidence level a significant difference between treatment groups. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and saponin (negative results in dragon fruit juice) in each juice. The result of physical characteristic showed that the concentration of active ingredient affect pH, spreadability, and adhesion power (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the result of measuring irritation index was showed that none of the formulas caused erythema and edema at 24, 48, and 72 h observed time.
Keywords:

Yeast-mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

Aryadeep Roychoudhury — 2020-09-30

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using microorganisms and green plants is one of the latest trends in research that has gained momentum, since it is an ecofriendly approach, with lesser toxicity to the environment. Microbial synthesis of metal NPs is a function of the ability of resistance against heavy metal toxicity, carried out by redox enzymes that participate in converting toxic metal ions to inert forms, or by structural proteins that bind metals. Yeasts are non-pathogenic, eukaryotic microorganisms, and available in different strains which have economic importance in breweries and bakeries as well as in food industry as nutrient supplements and their ability to ferment sugar. A novel use of yeasts, explored in recent times, is their potentiality to produce metal (gold, silver, titanium, palladium, and selenium)-NPs, of specific dimensions, either extracellularly or intracellularly, through their reducing enzymes involving different mechanisms. Such synthesized NPs also have tremendous importance as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer agents. This review focuses on yeast as a major scaffold for synthesis of different metal NPs and their several biological applications including nanomedicines.
Keywords: Biological application, Green synthesis, Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Yeast.